Capitalism Essays - Economic Ideologies, Socialism,

Free enterprise Free enterprise A type of financial request portrayed by private responsibility for methods for creation and the opportunity of private proprietors to utilize, purchase and sell their property or benefits available at willfully concurred costs and terms, with just insignificant obstruction with such exchanges by the state or other definitive outsiders. Socialism 1.Any belief system dependent on the mutual responsibility for property and an uncouth social structure, with financial creation and appropriation to be coordinated and managed by methods for a legitimate monetary arrangement that as far as anyone knows epitomizes the interests of the network all in all. Karl Marx is today the most acclaimed early theoretician of socialism, yet he didn't imagine the term or the fundamental social goals, which he for the most part acquired and adjusted from the less efficient speculations of prior French idealistic communists - uniting these onto a philosophical structure Marx got from the German logicians Hegel and Feuerbach, while including various monetary hypotheses got from his reevaluation of the works of such early political financial specialists, for example, Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. In many adaptations of the socialist perfect world, everybody would be relied upon to co-work energetically during the time spent creation, yet the individual resident's equivalent privileges of access to purchaser products would be totally unaffected by his/her own individual commitment to creation - thus Karl Marx's renowned motto From each as per his capacity; to each as indicated by his need. The Marxian and other nineteenth century socialist utopias likewise were required to forgo such relics of the past as exchanging, cash, costs, compensation, benefits, premium, land-lease, estimations of benefit what's more, misfortune, contracts, banking, protection, claims, and so forth. It was normal that such a radical reordering of the monetary circle of life would likewise pretty much quickly lead to the end of all other significant social issues, for example, class strife, political abuse, racial segregation, the imbalance of the genders, strict dogmatism, and social backwardness - just as shut down such more mental types of enduring as estrangement, anomie, and sentiments of feebleness. 2.The explicitly Marxist-Leninist variation of communism which stresses that a genuinely socialist society can be accomplished distinctly through the vicious topple of free enterprise and the foundation of an autocracy of the working class that is to set up the path for the future romanticized society of socialism under the dictator direction of a various leveled and restrained Communist Party. 3.A overall progressive political development motivated by the October Upheaval (Red Oktober) in Russia in 1917 and pushing the foundation wherever of political, financial, and social foundations and strategies displayed on those of the Soviet Union (or, in some later forms, China or Albania) as a implies for in the long run accomplishing a socialist society. Communism A class of philosophies preferring a monetary framework wherein all or generally gainful assets are the property of the legislature, where the creation and dispersion of products and enterprises are directed fundamentally by the legislature as opposed to by private venture, and in which any staying private creation and conveyance (communists vary on the amount of this is average) is vigorously controlled by the legislature instead of by advertise forms. Both just and non-vote based communists demand that the administration they imagine as running the economy should on a basic level be one that really mirrors the desire of the majority of the populace (or if nothing else their actual best interests), obviously they contrast significantly in their thoughts regarding what sorts of political foundations and practices are required to guarantee this will be so. By and by, communist financial standards might be joined with an amazingly wide scope of mentalities toward individual flexibility, common freedoms, mass political support, organization and political rivalry, going from Western European law based communism to the more dictator communisms of numerous third world systems to the authoritarian overabundances of Soviet-style communism or socialism.

Life Cycle of Stars

Stars are similarly as mortal as us, they additionally conceived and they pass on as well, in the wake of weaving a long range of electromagnetic range with waves like radio waves, microwaves, or bright waves, other than discharging light. The people observer this intriguing existence of stars from a sheltered separation and even appreciate a parsimonious piece of it by viewing VIBGYOR to a great extent! Shades as Clues Each gathering of waves has its own frequency, and in this way unique measure of vitality, however every one of them travel at the speed of light. It is this uniqueness of the each gathering of waves give the insight with respect to the current situation with a star, from which the stargazers work out its past and future close by its conceivable effect on the universe. A Comic Breather While space science stays a genuine and regularly testing subject, the researchers don't miss the extension to engage them by beating entertaining titles for genuine occupations. As, on the off chance that somebody hears a cosmologist saying, â€Å"Oh be a fine young lady! Kiss me!†, one ought not be annoyed with any misguided judgment about the idea of that cosmologist. Since, â€Å"Oh be a fine young lady, kiss me† is only a mental helper made by the letters meaning the order of the stars (O, B, A, F, G, K, M). These seven letters recognize the stars into seven significant classifications by assessing their spectra (requested cluster of the waves) and temperature. Be that as it may, the Hertzsprung - Russell (H-R) Diagram, basically a chart, separates the stars into three totally different sorts subsequent to thinking about the shade of a star (otherworldly sort or its surface temperature) against its radiance (its regular brilliance, or total extent). These three gatherings are known as ‘Main Sequence Stars', ‘Supergiants' and ‘White Dwarf' (Neutron stars, or Black Holes). The Journey Scientists gauge that the Universe was brought into the world 15000 million years back, by righteousness of an enormous blast, which has been named as ‘Big Bang'. It was that blast which had made vitality, space, time and matter. It was not long after the blast, nuclear particles got together to frame the gases like helium and hydrogen, which at that point proceeded to make the worlds, stars and the Universe more than a large number of years and still they are grinding away. Therefore the procedure that was begun with extension and change is still goes on. The space experts have assessed the evaluated course of events of the occasions till now and it goes like beneath: 1000 million years after the Big Bang : The issues began meeting up. 3000 million years after the abovementioned: Galaxies started to frame, the quasars appeared somewhat later, which are the precursor of worlds, advances further through another 5000 million years, before our system, the Milky path shaped into a state of plate! Our system is an individual from a network of 100,000 million worlds. Along these lines the divine progression looks like underneath: Enormous detonation to Nebula; Cloud to Protostar; Protostar to Tauri type star Further union of T.Tauri star prompts the Main Sequence star, which after the expansion in its glow turns as Red Giant star. Red Giant star turns Cepheid star, which bit by bit turns White/Black Dwarf, before turning into a Black Hole. This estimation through Big Bang hypothesis is as yet acknowledged in the space science world. In any case, it is as yet hard to determine the specific idea of the occasions or to explicitly deny any missing occasion that may have occurred some place in the center. Attributes Giant Nuclear Reactors A huge nuclear crash happens in the focal point of the stars, which tear separated the molecules and modify their structure, during the time spent which, they discharge a tremendous measure of vitality. This makes them hot and brilliant. Atomic combination at their center produces the force in them, generally by changing over hydrogen into helium. Despite this consistent procedure, stars have a consistent period during their life expectancy, when they change hydrogen into helium. At the point when they come up short on hydrogen, they enter their last period of life. At that point the framed helium in them changes into bigger components like carbon, oxygen or neon. After the arrangement of the cloud, known as the ‘cosmic placenta', stars are conceived in bunches inside a cosmic system, which is then called ‘stellar nursery'. The majority of them separate, while the rest are kept together by gravity. The remainder of a star's life relies upon how enormous it is, yet in inverse way †the greater it is in size, the faster it spends its load of hydrogen fuel and in this manner bites the dust prior after a blustery life. Some even detonate because of its monstrous size. In any case, the greater part of the stars, similar to our own Sun, figure out how to keep up a steady life when they sparkle consistently. Glow The glow of a star assists with evaluating the measure of vitality it emanates. It shifts with its surface temperature and with its span, where the stars with higher surface temperature, similar to the ‘Blue Giants', creates higher glow than the ‘Red Giants', which are moderately colder. The watched brilliance of a star is reliant on the elements like discharge, power and separation. Long life expectancy Most stars go through their time on earth by intertwining hydrogen into helium, so is the situation of our sun, which has been doing it for somewhere in the range of five billion years, and is relied upon to keep doing it for another five billion or so years. This hydrogen consuming beginnings from the exceptionally focus of the star, and moves out, leaving a center of helium behind. The Last Days With age, the stars grow. Their centers bit by bit come up short on hydrogen and afterward helium, growing the center contacts and the external layers, which become cool and free its splendor. This is the last phase of the stars, before meeting the passing as per their size: Sun-like Stars (under 1.5 occasions the mass of Sun) â€> Red Giant â€> Planetary Nebula â€>White Dwarf â€> Black Dwarf ; Immense Stars (between 1.5 to multiple times the mass of Sun) â€> Red SuperGiant â€> Supernova â€> Neutron Star; Monster Stars (more than multiple times the mass of Sun) â€> Red SuperGiant â€> Supernova â€> Black Hole. End The existence pattern of stars takes after regular reusing process in our lives: certain parts (gases) are assembled and afterward, with the assistance of an impetus (gravitational power), those segments become bound into cohesionâ to bring forth another material (star), all to exhausted, before refocusing again under similar impacts. Finishes REFERENCES Stars (2003). 3 Nov, 2007. http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/stars.php Space (1993).â Universe (pp. 273-284). London, Great Britain: Dorling Kindersley.  Â

Forget your plan for a minute

Forget your plan for a minute This morning at breakfast, I gave my son (the high school junior) some advice for how to quickly finish his art notebook cover project, which was already late on day two of school. “Hey, instead of doing another elaborate drawing like the one you were up all night doing, why not make a quick collage? You can use existing images from magazines and your old posters and cut them out and arrange them in some pattern and just see what happens. “Just see what happens, Mom? I have a plan for this cover.” Blank stares at the table. The 18-yr-old started snorting over his scrambled eggs and talking in some silly accent and they both began goofing on collages. “Ok, whatever, I was just trying to help.” Because I have teenagers at home, I realize this makes me an “authority/ parent-type figure” and maybe not someone you want giving you advice. My 18-yr-old just nods at me while I continue talking after he is finished railing about how I don’t understand him and this is usually my cue to calmly stop myself from being such a mom and work on leaving the room. But I actually do understand him. I still remember being a college student and feeling like my life had to follow one track and be focused and accomplished, one class logically building on to the next, one project leading to the next one. The truth is, life rarely ever works like that. I’m thankful now that I went to an art school and spent most of my time in film theory classes because I was forced to consider what I was going to make of my life every semester. I had to keep thinking about what extra skill or experience to add to this five-year “collage” I was making as an undergraduate working towards a BFA. Looking back, that’s a nice metaphor for what I was doing. But at the time, I felt exactly like Jenny X did worrying about “ falling behind.” Jenny says something very wise in her post when she talks about her internship in China and how “its never too late to be in charge of what you want to do. And that on the flip side of fearing falling behind is being constrained by the pressure of following a well-planned path that may or may not still be what you want.” Well said, Jenny. And true. I think the greatest challenge for current MIT students and anyone considering coming to MIT is to be flexible while still managing to get things done and maintain the high standards you all have for yourselves. There is so much to do here, so much to get involved in, and so many paths to try. But you won’t know where one is going to lead until you give yourself the opportunity to change your mind, and be led in a new direction. Matt wrote a post about taking a gap year and Gabe wrote very eloquently this summer on the life changing aspects of hiking for a semester and getting in tune with his authentic self. And while these options are definitely worth thinking about, I challenge all of you to consider your time in college more as a work of art than as a focused linear roadmap. You all have brilliant minds. You are going to do big important things. You just may not do them all according to how you imagined they would unfold and that’s ok. Remember, we ask you in the application essays to tell us how you handled a situation in which things did not go according to plan. We do this for a good reason. In all my years as a mom, as an artist, as a communications professional, as a homeowner, as a student (over and over again it seems)… things very rarely go according to plan. And when this happens to you, head over to the LIST gallery and take a look at some of the artwork on display and be inspired or travel off campus with some friends and go into Boston to try something you’ve never done before. And if none of those things end up working to help you gain some new perspective, then get down on the floor with a bunch of magazines and start cutting and arranging and make a collage. Just see what happens.

Comparison of Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants and...

Comparison of Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants and Cat In The Rain Cat In The Rain is set in an Italian hotel where we meet an American couple. Outside a cat is trapped in the rain, and the wife wants to save it. When she goes to get it, it is gone but the maid later brings her one. The point of view in the story is a third person narrator, but the perspective changes going from the wife to the husband and an objective narrator who tells it like it is. The story is told retrospectively in the past tense. The narrator is omniscient - that is he knows all but judges nothing. On the first page it seems it is the waiter objectively telling us what is going on whereas the second page is told by the wife and the last†¦show more content†¦Her looking out the window is a way for her to signal her want and need for community - or more so, the desperate need of someone to love. His reading a book is a substitute for community and even more a remedy for boredom. He is bored by his wife, he is bored with his life. She is a joyous person and he is constantly bored and longing for something exciting to happen. She seems to be a harmonious union of nature and culture, but when she is with her husband she is disharmonious i.e. bored which Hemingway sneakingly implies w hen he has her (when she is with her husband) looking out on the empty square in heavy rain. Their activity together is him reading and her looking, signaling the loss or failure of love and communication. The cat to her is the symbol of her desperation to have a child - someone to care for. Her husband is not interested in her want or need to have a child but she does not - in any way - keep her desire under wraps. Over and over again she tells him what she wants but he does not listen but clings rather desperately to his book that maybe to him, seems the only way to not have to listen to his wifes demands. So, in conclusion, the theme of this story is, as before mentioned, the loss or failure of love. In comparison to Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants, Cat In The Rain seems to be a prelude. That is to say that Hills could be argued toShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesinternal, in which case the issue to be resolved is one within the protagonist’s psyche or personality. External conflict may reflect a basic opposition between man and nature (such as in Jack London’s famous short story â€Å"To Build a Fire† or Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea†) or between man and society (as in Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†). It may also take the form of an opposition between man and man (between the protagonist and a human adversary, the antagonist), as, for

Essay on The Leadership Conundrum - 1382 Words

The Leadership Conundrum Submitted to: Prof. L Prasad On 21/11/2014 In partial fulfillment of the requirements of GMITE-VIII By - Chandra Neha Mishra- GMITE08-112 I. Evaluate Modi’s experience at the supervisory training program? Mr Modi’s experience with the executive training program was at the most very vivid and astonishing, the questionnaire†¦show more content†¦In this case as well, Mr. Modi had to give emphasis on the above aspects right from the onset of forming the team by defining the objectives and goals for each of the individuals and for the respective teams For each individual to deliver we need to motivate the person and rewards and recognition play an important role in motivation Mr. Modi should have taken a one on one session with each of his employees, the performers and the non-performers and should have set them Individual targets by luring or motivating them with rewards and recognition programs. He should have identified each one of their personalities, behavior and competence and assigned work accordingly Well known Psychologist Abraham Maslow proposes that rewards and recognition plays and important role in motivation. Following the above pyramid, Mr. Modi should have looked at Self Actualization Needs and Self Esteem , Worth needs and should have also driven on the aspects of Social Belongingness, he should have looked at pushing each of the individuals on finding satisfaction in using ones capabilities to the utmost, he should have looked at creating a rewards and recognition program for the performers like Jaitly, which would have really set a bench mark for the rest and motivated them to perform well, a sense of competiveness would have risen and each one would have tried and worked that much harder, he should have also created an atmosphere ofShow MoreRelatedThe Complex Concepts Of Leadership816 Words   |  4 PagesScholars agree that there is no one definition for leadership and it remains a complex concept. Therefore, we will look into some of the complex concepts of leadership to bring about a personal perspective. Face value per the dictionary is that leadership is the act of guidance, d irection, control, management, superintendence, supervision, power, rule, and influence of a person or organization. Per our text Northouse (2016) â€Å"leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individualsRead MorePresident Executive Officer Director Chief Officer Essay979 Words   |  4 Pageswell-known interior designer, to replace Fortuga as Chief Executive Officer (CEO). A charismatic, hard-working, and well-connected individual, Jeffers appeared qualified through his innovative approach to lead the company to new heights. Analysis of Leadership Strategies Due to his past success, one could presume Jeffers management approach would be inspirational, and his community profile renders him as an authentic and charismatic leader. In fact, he degraded employees, ignored other s sentimentsRead MoreLeadership Is A God Given Gift. De Facto Not Just Anyone Can Be A Leader983 Words   |  4 PagesThe ability to lead takes heart and patience. One might say that leadership is a God-given gift; de facto not just anyone can be a leader. Education today is an embodiment of diversity. Each aspect of the educational institution’s architecture demands an array of varying needs be meet with precision, dedication, mastery, and fortitude. A leader must personify patience, enthusiasm, and a desire for continued learning. A leader must lead by example. These traits embody an exceptional leader, whichRead MoreRelevance Of Personality And Psychopathy1057 Words   |  5 Pageshis effectiveness, or whether he happened to have a series of preoccupatio ns that articulated a zeitgeist in post war Germany unfortunately remains a conundrum. Regarding the question of psychopathy as a critical variable for effective leadership, the research proposes that the critical personality and behavioural variable for effective leadership is charisma rather than psychopathy. The resolution of the question posed by the â€Å"clinical hunch† that some leaders behave like psychopathic patientsRead MoreBuilders : Assessment Pl An Evaluation Plan And Implement Changes Within The Company Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagesintrospective, and he questioned his leadership aptitude. In fact, Jeffers would be astute to conduct a personal assessment of his leadership style, capabilities, and expanses of apprehension. In this case, Fortuga would be prudent to establish an evaluation plan and implement changes within the company. A healthy plan commences with the organization conducting a self-assessment, exploring their mission statement, considering the competencies of leaders, establishing leadership role models and mentors, conductingR ead MoreReading Summary : A Portrait Of Managerial Powers1183 Words   |  5 Pagesthe authors spoke at length in regards to power and how leaders should accrue/use their power (Goncalves, 2013; Northouse, 2016; Sager, 2008; Stapleton, n.d.). In the Goncalves (2013) article, the author explains the difference between power and leadership through the use of â€Å"Legitimate, Expert, Coercive, Reward, Referent, Charisma and Information† management powers (p.2). In the Northouse (2016) reading, the author takes these same management powers and categorizes them. Next, Sager (2008) expandsRead MoreBackground of Boeing Corporation647 Words   |  3 Pagesneck in competition with Boeing; Airbus winning some of the features (largest aircraft), Boeing the others (more revenue) (Heppenheimer, 2006; Casadesus-Masanell, 2007). Legal, Cultural, and Ethical Challenges- The very crux of the Boeing-Airbus conundrum is the manner in which each is able to use governmental contracts or subsidies to compete. Up until the late 1980s, prior to the merger of several European companies, Boeing was the undisputed leader in global aircraft design and manufacturing. FromRead MoreCharacteristics And Characteristics Of Great Leadership Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesleader is like. There is no single mould to craft a leader, but leadership comes in all shapes and sizes. While great leaders can be found in a number of industries and walk their unique journeys to the top, there are certain traits and characteristics that these great men and women often share. Whether you analyse leaders or ask people directly, the below set of qualities and abilities gets a mention. 1 The characteristics of great leadership Let’s first examine some of the abilities you should focusRead MoreLeadership : A Look Into A Personal View1489 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership: A Look Into A Personal View Scholars agree that there is no one definition of leadership and it remains a complex concept. Therefore, we will look into some of the complex concepts of leadership to bring about a personal perspective. Face value per the dictionary is that leadership is the act of guidance, direction, control, management, superintendence, supervision, power, rule, and influence of a person or organization. Per our text, Northouse (2016) defines leadership as â€Å"a processRead MoreFacilitating Career Planning for African American Women in Organizational Leadership1283 Words   |  6 Pagesout the strategic leadership team. Since 9/11, then government shutdowns, multiple wars, natural disasters, and the government sequester, the challenge to most nonprofits is to compete for every available charitable dollar. Chief Executive Officers (CEO) of nonprofits must not only be skillful in maximizing the outcomes with fewer dollars, but also politically savvy in vying for monies for federal, state, l ocal, foundation, and private funding sources. Because of this conundrum, political, academic

Aramco Supply Chain Managment Free Essays

string(98) " balancing and quality control that are being measured on this facility are seriously considered\." Table of Contents Page Number Introduction3 Background of the Company8 The Dilemma in Saudi Aramco Supply Chain Management10 Analysis of the operation of the Company’s Supply Chain Management12 Conclusion16 References17 Introduction: Several company managers are continuously searching for the best possible way of reducing cost and utilizing their inventories so that the company can implement cost reduction strategy. With all prices of prime commodities are accelerating for increases to maintain the business, the challenge for manufacturing companies nowadays is to come up with a management strategy that could lessen the burden of imposing additional prices to the consumer’s purchases. Yet seemingly, it seems impossible to achieve due to the domino effect in the market offering. We will write a custom essay sample on Aramco Supply Chain Managment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starting from the raw materials to the manufacturing plant then to the manufacturing plant to its distribution centers and from the distribution centers to the consumers, the process entails expenditures either from the supplier or from the manufacturing plant. Once transporting raw materials is affected by the movement in the prices of gasoline and oil, salary increases of its work force and additional price for the vehicle’s spare parts suppliers cannot but face the reality that they must charge additional cost to their buyers. So goes the trend. The usual thinking about a supply chain is a vertical flow of the entire materials for production that is fully integrated because it is owned by a single firm although its channels are operating independently. Hence, an efficient coordination among the managers of its channels is demanded for the success of the supply chain. However, a supply chain need not only be limited to a single ownership of the entire process. By its definition, according to the paper of B. B. Arntzen, G. G. Brown, T. P. Harrison, and L. Trafton (1993) a supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution alternatives that begins from the procurement of materials, converting the materials into mid-way and finished products, then the distribution of the products to customers. Supply chain is not limited to manufacturing alone but also in the service industry. There may also be expected difficulties along the entire chain due to the varying approaches from industry to industry or from firm to firm but the process proceeds as planned. Company A Company B DistributorCustomers Raw Materials manufacturing plant Finished Product Company This may sound simple but a realistic supply chain actually embraces several finished products with shared components, facilities, and capacities. Materials flow does not come only from one single network but from other networks also. At times, different modes of transportation are considered and usually the bills of materials for the finished products are both costly and enormous. R. H. Ballou, (1992) believes that traditional supply chain still operate along this pattern but on this case the supply chain deviates from the old practice of supply chain and paved the way to another model of creating an effective cost reduction strategy. In the supply chain, according to M. C. Cooper and L. M. Ellram (1993) the main focus lies on the mistake of materials, unnecessary information and unpredictable finances as they move from their supplier, to the respective manufacturer then to the wholesaler passed on the retailer before finally reaching the consumer. However, another view was presented by J. B. Houlihan (1985) because his notion of supply chain is involved in coordinating and integrating these flows for inside the company and its relation with other companies. The ultimate goal of all effective supply chain management is to reduce inventory but available when needed hence, minimize the cost of production. The product flow consists of the progress of goods from supplier to customer. Information flow is the transmittal of orders and keeping posted the status of the delivery. The financial flow covers the credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment title of ownership arrangement. As Cohen, et al. (1989) noted supply chain also consists of strategic decisions and operational decision levels. Strategic decisions usually entail longer time to observe its effect on the company. It requires close monitoring of the corporate strategy, but oftentimes, in many companies, it is already the firm’s business strategy. Setting aside, operational level decisions are shorter period and concentrates mainly on the day to day basis of inventory, production, and packaging. The main objective on this level is maintaining an effective and efficient product flow from the strategically planned supply chain. Houlihan (1985) reiterates that supply chain management operates according to four major decision areas namely; business location, production input and output, materials inventory, and distribution including transportation and channels. It should be noted that on these decision areas the elements of strategic planning and operational procedures are inclusive. It is because strategic decisions include what products to produce, and which plants to produce them in, allocation of suppliers to plants, plants to Distribution Channels, and Distribution Channels to customer markets Business location refers to the place where production facilities, warehouse, and source point are easily accessible both by the suppliers and other stakeholders of the company. Location facilities cover an assurance of resources for a longer period due to the long term plan of the business. Considered also for an effective supply chain location are the size, number, and the possible paths by which the product flows through to the customers. This decision is important because it represents the main strategy for accessing customer markets which definitely have effect on revenue, cost, and level of service. It is determined by employing a routine check on production costs, taxes, duties and duty drawback, tariff, local content, distribution costs, production limitation and many others. Production decision is also a critical concern in supply chain management because it entails the capacity of the manufacturing facilities to handle the production process. It is focused on detailed production scheduling. It includes the construction of the master production plan, time table on the machines, and maintenance of equipments. The elements of workload balancing and quality control that are being measured on this facility are seriously considered. You read "Aramco Supply Chain Managment" in category "Papers" Materials inventory are managed properly in the supply chain management levels of decision. Inventories could either be raw materials, semi-finished or already finished merchandize. These materials may also be in the process between locations or in other place as in the case of outsourcing activity. The purpose of managing the inventories is to safeguard against any uncertainties that might exists in the supply chain. Holding inventories can cost as much as one half of the product’s value. Too much inventories of raw materials means slow return of investment and large inventories of finished products can cause lower prices due to overflowing supplies. The aspect of transportation viewed according to the context of H. L. Lee and C. Billington (1992) is also another element in the supply chain management issues because it is closely associated with the inventory due to its mode of moving the raw materials or the finished products. The best mode of trading off the cost is to transport with the indirect cost of inventory associated with the type of transportation. While using air is fast, reliable, and warrant lesser safety stock, it is very expensive. Shipping by sea or by train may be cheaper but they take longer time and consumed large amount of inventories to buffer against the uncertainties associated with it. Hence, shipment sizes, routing, and scheduling of equipments are the main factors operating in the Supply Chain Management. Another point was raised by J. M. Masters, (1993) as he discussed on the process of supply chain management and the level of decisions that have to be made on these models are enormous and require considerable amount of data. Due to the huge data requirement and the broad scope of decisions, each supply chain decision models provide approximate solutions. The operational decisions, meanwhile, address the day to day operation of the supply chain. Therefore the models that describe them are often very specific in nature. Due to their narrow perspective, these models often consider great detail and provide very good, if not optimal, solutions to the operational decisions. As a solution for successful supply chain management, Saudi Aramco employed a sophisticated software systems, with Web interfaces and has already been in competition with the Web-based Service Application Providers or the SAP, that provide part or all of the SCM service for the company. Saudi Aramco must have been blest to be able to implement supply chain management on its production process and updated it with the use of modern day Information Technology. In spite of the global financial problem that oil producing countries are suffering at present, Saudi Aramco still stands tall amidst financial chaos. Supply chain management is at its best at Saudi Aramco that is why there is less worry even if the prices of oil and crude went down in the global landscape. At Saudi Aramco, the corporate policies guide the supply chain to a particular and specific objective that the firm hopes to achieve (http://www. saudiaramco. com. sa/html/). 11. Background of the Company State-owned Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco) is the king of oil. It is the world’s number one oil producer, supplying more than 10% of the world’s oil demand. The company controls proved oil reserves of about 259. 8 billion barrels. It extracts 9. 1 million barrels a day, operates refineries, markets oil internationally, and distributes it domestically. Saudi Aramco owns a fleet of oil tankers and invests in refineries and distribution networks in other countries; it also owns 239. 5 trillion cu. ft. of natural gas reserves. The company dates back to 1933, when Saudi Arabia agreed to open up a large area for exploration by Standard Oil of California now known as Chevron. From its headquarters in Dhahran on the eastern shores of the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Aramco manages virtually all of Saudi Arabia’s enormous hydrocarbon enterprise. From the giant Ghawar and Safaniya oil fields, the world’s largest onshore and offshore fields, to the leading-edge technology at the Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center, and from one of the largest and most modern fleets of supertankers to refining and marketing joint ventures around the globe, Saudi Aramco is positioned to continue to play its leading role in meeting the world’s demand for oil. Saudi Aramco revenue is estimated between 150 billion and 350 billion dollars. It varies greatly year to year due to high dependency upon hydrocarbon prices. Saudi Aramco is responsible for 99 percent of the Kingdom’s proven crude oil reserves of 259 billion barrels (41. 2 1010m? ) about a quarter of the world’s total. That is more than double the total of Iraq, the country with the world’s second largest reserves, and nearly 12 times the reserves of the United States. Saudi Aramco produces and exports more crude oil than any other company. Recent production has averaged some 8 million barrels (1,300,000 m? ) per day. That is more than twice the output of the next highest producer and nearly five times greater than the largest U. S. oil company. Saudi Aramco maintains a maximum sustained crude production capacity of 8. 5 million barrels per day. Saudi Aramco ranks among the top ten companies in gas production worldwide. The company is also a leader in both the production and export of natural gas liquids (NGL), and a major producer of refined products. The company produces natural gas in association with crude oil and non associated gas from deep, independent gas fields. This gas is used as fuel and feedstock for the Kingdom’s backbone industries and utilities, and for export and domestic consumption as NGL. A vigorous program is currently under way to expand gas production and processing capabilities to meet increasing demand for gas at home to power the Kingdom’s robust domestic economic growth. Saudi Aramco’s oil operations encompass the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, including territorial waters in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Totaling more than 1. 5 million square kilometers, this area is larger than the combined areas of Texas, California, Oklahoma and Utah, or of France, Spain and Germany. Most production comes from fields in the coastal plains of the Eastern Province in an area extending 300 kilometers north and south of Dhahran. Saudi Aramco VP announced Aramco’s plans to build projects worth about 487. 5 billion Saudi Riyals (US $130 billion) in the next 5 years. Due to the unprecedented global demand for oil, Aramco announced that the number of its oil rigs will double by the end of 2006 (http://www. saudiaramco. om) Governed with its vision and holistic mission, the company is striving to make perfect its management concept and practices in order to build solid human resource foundation and company culture that would serve its competitive against other banking institutions in the entire Kingdom within the next couple of years (http://www. saudiaramco. com. sa/html/). 111. The Dilemma in Saud i Aramco Supply Chain Management Saudi Aramco is the world leader in the oil industry and it possesses the huge deposit of oil and mineral resources. It built strong and reliable ties with its market all over the world while continuously harnessing its rogressive communication with its entire supplier from manpower, facilities, equipments, construction, development projects, and community services. At present Saudi Aramco remains stable and assured of the relentless efforts of its entire people in making the company a world leader in the oil industry and a good example to follow. The entire materials and needed machineries for the oil drilling, processing, plant treatment, transportation and distribution of petroleum are provided by the supply chain from all private industrial suppliers around the Kingdom belonging to the Saudi nationals. No imported materials are used aside from those that are not available in the kingdom. The ongoing calls for localization of Aramco’s production materials are contained in the company’s oath to support local industries and private industrial businesses in the Kingdom. One particular project that the company listed on an indefinite postponement is the envisioned 40 hectares plant facilities and accommodations at Rastanura. In the middle of 2008, Saudi Aramco invited bidders and quotations from several constructing firm around the Kingdom and to some well known companies the Gulf. Toward the end of year, the project was awarded to Foster Wheeler Group of Companies Middle East. The said project was divided into four phases and phase one would start by March 2009. However, Foster Wheeler received a notice from the company on mid February 2009 stating that the Rastanura project would be postponed indefinitely. Foster Wheeler through its resources found out that the main reason for the postponement is the company supplier and sub contractors were heavily affected by the global financial crisis (Thajudeen, 2009). Saudi Aramco suppliers of equipments and high quality standard materials could not meet the requirements needed by the company for the construction of its project. The cost of delivering the materials to Saudi Arabia from the place of origin almost tripled. The high price of raw materials plus low supply prompted Aramco suppliers to increase its prices too but since everything was stipulated in the contract, Saudi Aramco would not accept the new price schedule. The problem begins. Due to the company’s adherence to the Saudization program an option to change suppliers and seek foreign assistance cannot be implemented. France and Great Britain are rich suppliers of equipments needed to continue the construction of drilling plants and community accommodations of its people. The prospect of getting from these countries will destroy the supply chain which Aramco have been protecting and preserving all those years. Japan’s Sumimoto Industry’s offered Saudi Aramco well defined and structured supply chain that could even generate a healthy foreign relation between the government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the people of Japan. The offer was shelved temporarily and for further consideration and study. While the present economic crisis continuously spreading in some major industries in the Kingdom, Saudi Aramco remains financially firm and liquid. There is no question whether the company can provide the necessary funds for the completion of the project. There is also no doubt in the capacity of Foster Wheeler to deliver the project on time. It is only a matter of the availability of supplies that Saudi Aramco encountered some critical problems. 1V. Analysis of the operation of the Company’s Supply Chain Management For the past several years, Saudi Aramco perfectly managed its supply chain and it can be proven by the smooth development and completion of all existing projects the company have ever made. The fact is that starting 2008 up to the present the global financial crunch created havocs and collapsed of several industries in the world. Included in this chaotic situation are some suppliers of Saudi Aramco. The law of supply and demands in Economics is pretty much at work at this time. There seems to be a blank solution to this perennial problem at present. If this is the case, the postponement of Saudi Aramco project in Rastanura would be justified. On the second thought, there could be another better solution that could be worked on without jeopardizing the effort exerted by Foster Wheeler to win the project. An excerpt from the speech of Abdallah S. Jum’ah, President and CEO of Saudi Aramco (2002), he said â€Å"The greatest share of our investments as oil and gas producers goes to assuring that we maintain the ability to supply our products without interruption. While such costs are burdensome, they nevertheless are critical to the sustainability of energy supply. No one can long afford to be without this lifeline. † This was also reiterated in the speech delivered by Ali I. Al-Naimi (2002), Saudi Arabia’s Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, in Washington D. C. as he claimed â€Å"we have invested billions of dollars to build production capacity and to construct diverse export routes. The importance of the excess production capacity of Saudi Arabia has been demonstrated in more than one supply crisis in the past two decades such as the Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979, the Iran-Iraq war in 1980, the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the supply infrastructure crisis of 2000†. Granted that the chain of supply has a domino effect and a disruption in one unit of the chain may result to the interruption of operation of the entire system, Saudi Aramco with its huge resources could help solve the problem in terms of loan assistance to the ailing unit of the chain. Saudi Aramco management could serve as mediator between suppliers of materials to the members of its supply chain to retain its old price schedule which would be compensated by Saudi Aramco in terms of supply of oil with no extra charges and at its lowest price. The problem is rooted in the availability of funds and not on mismanagement of the supply chain. The remedy to this kind of situation is by capital assistance. Another possible option to maintain the flow of the supply chain is by acquisition of the units in the chain that is experiencing a hard blow from the economic crisis. Aramco could temporarily take over the financing of its production so that the unit may continue to operate and the employee would not lose their jobs. Unemployment would create additional burden to the ongoing financial crisis. Saudi Aramco has the capacity to generate production of its supply chain unless it is willing to suspend indefinitely its project with Foster Wheeler. The movement of Saudi Aramco supply is vital to its operation in distribution and expansion in order to accommodate the growing demand for oil in the world. Saudi Aramco is also part of another supply chain and the disruption on its supply would create stoppage of production to it end user. In the same manner, the stoppage of supply from the company supply chain might also result to a decease or worst, stoppage of the company production in the long run. For as long there is still the chance to save the continuous decline of financially able company in the supply chain of Saudi Aramco, it is the best opportunity for Aramco to show its goodwill to all its allies and to the world in general. The management team of Saudi Aramco is determined to continue to play its role in meeting the world’s demand for oil exploration producing, refining, distribution, shipping, marketing as the leading producer of the energy that powers the world’s economies and empowers its people, committed to fulfill the kingdom development goals including developing the Kingdom’s industrial base and diversifying economy, helping creates jobs for Saudi nationals and maximizing the value of the Kingdom’s natural resources. Much more so, the Company cannot afford to create possible problems in its supply chain. Saudi Aramco is a government owned company and it does not depend on any political pressures or compromises from any person in the country except to the King due to the monarchial form of government that Saudi Arabia has. The company structure of Aramco is bureaucratic and hierarchical that is why there is absence of threat coming from the labor sector or any human rights advocates in the international scene. Saudi Arabia law is based on Shari’ a law and its legal implications. In this case, the Company has the power to take control temporarily of its suppliers who are experiencing financial downturn. At Saudi Aramco, there is no other power aside from the monarch and the top management level of the company. Stakeholders are not a major threat nor can they pose any threat at all. Aramco’s investment is more of partnership with other big oil producing countries and not on the individual share of investments. What can be considered to have power over the company is the presence of foreign partners as distributors and international oil producing companies that accepted Aramco’s partnership strategy in producing enough supply of world’s fuel and oil needs. Saudi Aramco also uses Management Information and Decision Support System that delivers information to support many of its day-to-day management’s decision-making needs and supply chain operation processes. Reports, display, and responses produced by such systems provide wide range of information that the Aramco management has specified in advance to meet adequately their information needs. Such predefined information satisfies the need for awareness and updated situation of the organization in relation to its supply chain performance, financial situation and production apabilities (http://www. saudiaramco. com. sa). Saudi Aramco MIDSS provides the needed information to the Aramco’s decision makers at the operational and tactical level of the organization. Based on the data generated from the program Saudi Aramco management can determine how and when to entertain an increase of oil production, price, cost of operation, wages and purchasing ability of the company. The in formation takes the form of periodic, exception, and demand reports and immediate responses to inquiry. Saudi Aramco’s web browsers, application programs, and data-base-management-software provide access to information in the intranet and other operational database of the organization. These databases are maintained by transaction processing system. The data about the business environment are gathered from the Internet or intranet when necessary and when greatly demanded. (http://www. aramco. com) Based on this technological competencies, the company is able to secure all the necessary information its suppliers might be needed at the moment so as to continue their production. V. Conclusion The plight of Saudi Aramco supply chain management definitely lies on the hand of the company. We have learned from Saudi Aramco that the company’s supply chain has been operating perfectly without interruption. The company was able to manage its supplier’s time scheduling, processing, manufacturing, delivering, and stocking. There were minor problems along the way especially in transporting the supplies needed by the company but the problem was resolved immediately before it can cause damage to the company’s oil production. By becoming the world leader in the oil industry the company’s long term plan must not sacrificed due to financial difficulties of its suppliers. Small problem that is left unattended became big and too difficult to solve in the near future. The same occurrence is happening to the supply chain process of the Saudi Aramco high quality materials and equipments for its development and expansionary project at Rastanura. The delay in the start of the project would lead to the extension of its completion, late performance, and finally slow production which would be advantageous to competitors. Supply chain management assures the end ompany an uninterrupted production and a continuous flow of resources from the suppliers’ supplier to the manufacturer to the consumer then back to the supplier’s supplier. The cycle goes on and on for as long as the chain remains consistent and stable. Saudi Aramco with vast resources and technological capabilities can easily detect any di sruptive factor along its supply chain. Now is the time for Saudi Aramco to divert momentarily a portion of its focus to the financial status of its suppliers. V1. References: Al-Naimi, A. I. (2002) Saudi Arabia’s Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Washington, D. C. April 22. http://www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Al-Naimi, A. I. (2002) Saudi Arabia’s Approach to Oil Market Stability and Energy Security, Expanding Energy Frontiers – The Institute of Energy Economics of Japan, Osaka, Japan http://www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Arntzen, B. C. , G. G. Brown, T. P. Harrison, and L. Trafton (1995) Global Supply Chain Management at Digital Equipment Corporation, Interfaces, Journal of Operation Management, No. 231, p. 112 Ballou, R. H. (1992) Business Logistics Management, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 1 – 23 Cohen, M. A. and H. L. Lee (1989) Resource Deployment Analysis of Gl obal Manufacturing and Distribution Networks, Journal of Manufacturing and Operations Management, No. 7, pp. 81-84 Cooper, M. C. , and L. M. Ellram (1993) Characteristics of Supply Chain Management and the Implications for Purchasing and Logistics Strategy. The International Journal of Logistics Management, No. 23 pp. 4, 2, 13-24. Jum’ah, A. S. (2002) President and CEO Saudi Aramco, Calgary, Canada, June 11. http://www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Lee, H. L. , and C. Billington (1992) Supply Chain Management: Pitfalls and Opportunities, Sloan Management Review, No. 33, Spring, pp. 65-73. Lee, H. L. , and C. Billington (1993) Material Management in Decentralized Supply Chains, Operations Research, No. 41 pp. 35-47 Masters, J. M. (1993) Determination of Near-Optimal Stock Levels for Multi-Echelon Distribution Inventories, Journal of Business Logistics, No. 14, pp. 165-195. Thajudeen, S. M. (2009) Foster Wheeler Group of Companies Middle East Region, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, February 15. http://www. saudiaramco. com. sa/homepage/projects (access June 5, 2009) How to cite Aramco Supply Chain Managment, Papers

Pedagogy free essay sample

Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Portuguese: Pedagogic do Proudly), written by educator Paulo Fire, proposes a pedagogy with a new relationship between teacher, student, and society. It was first published in Portuguese in 1968, and was translated by Myra Ramose into English and published In 1970. [1] The book is considered one of the foundational texts of critical pedagogy. Dedicated to what Is called the oppressed and based on his own experience helping Brazilian adults to read and write, Fire includes a detailed Marxist class analysis in his exploration of the relationship between what he calls the colonizer ND the colonized. In the book Fire calls traditional pedagogy the banking model because it treats the student as an empty vessel to be filled with knowledge, like a piggy bank. However, he argues for pedagogy to treat the learner as a co-creator of knowledge. The book has sold over 750,000 copies worldwide. [2] Translated into several languages, most editions of Pedagogy of the Oppressed contain at least one introduction/foreword, a preface, and four chapters. We will write a custom essay sample on Pedagogy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first chapter explores how oppression has been Justified and how it is overcome through a mutual process between the oppressor and the oppressed (oppressors-oppressed distinction). Examining how the balance of power between the colonizer and the colonized remains relatively stable, Fire admits that the powerless in society can be frightened of freedom. He writes, Freedom Is acquired by conquest, not by gift. It must be pursued constantly and responsibly. Freedom is not an ideal located outside of man; nor is it an idea which becomes myth. It is rather the indispensable condition for the quest for human completion. (47) According to Fire, freedom will be the result of praxis † Informed action † when a balance between theory and practice is achieved. The second chapter examines the banking approach to education † a metaphor used by Fire that suggests students are considered empty bank accounts that should remain open to deposits made by the teacher. Fire rejects the banking approach, claiming It results In the demutualization of both the students and the teachers. In addition, he argues the banking approach stimulates oppressive attitudes and practices in society. Instead, Fire advocates for a more world- mediated, mutual approach to education that considers people Incomplete. According to Fire, this authentic approach to education must allow people to be aware of their incompleteness and strive to be more fully human. This attempt to use education as a meaner of consciously shaping the person and the society is called centralization, a term first coined by Fire in this book. Dimensions of human praxis. This is in line with the Lavabo Viewer Pintos use of the word/idea in his Consciences Realized National which Fire contends is using the concept without the pessimistic character originally found in Jaspers (Note 15, Chapter 3) in reference to Karl Jaspers notion of Gratuitousness. The last chapter proposes dialogs as an instrument to free the colonized, through the use of cooperation, unity, organization and cultural synthesis (overcoming problems in society to liberate human beings). This is in contrast to antispasmodics which use conquest, manipulation, cultural invasion, and the concept of divide and rule. Fire suggests that populist dialogue is a necessity to revolution; that impeding dialogue dehumidifies and supports the status quo. This is but one example of the dichotomies Fire identifies in the book. Others include the student-teacher dichotomy and the colonizer-colonized dichotomy. In his article for the conservative-leaning City Journal, Sol Stern[3] notes that Pedagogy of the Oppressed ignores the traditional touchstones of Western education (e. G. , Rousseau, John Dewey, or Maria Interiors) and contains virtually none of the information typically found in traditional teacher education (e. G. , no discussion of curriculum, testing, or age-appropriate learning). To the contrary, Fire rejects traditional education as official knowledge that intends to oppress. Spread[edit]Since the publication of the English edition in 1970, Pedagogy of the Oppressed has achieved near-iconic status in Americas teacher-training programs, according to Sol Stern. A 2003 study looking at the curricula of 16 schools of education, 14 of them among the top in the country, found that Pedagogy of the Oppressed was one of the most frequently assigned texts in their philosophy of education courses. Such course assignments are a large part of the reason the book has sold almost 1 million copies, which is a remarkable number for a book in the education field. [3] Influences[edit]The work was strongly influenced by Franz Fanons and Karl Marx. One of Firers dictums is that: there neither is, nor has ever been, an educational practice in zero space-time†neutral in the sense of being committed only to preponderantly abstract, intangible ideas. According to later critics, heirs to Firers ideas have taken it to mean that since all education is political, leftist math teachers who care about the oppressed have a right, indeed a duty, to use a pedagogy that, in Firers words, does not conceal † in fact, which proclaims † its own political